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Residents in Florida are anxiously bracing for life-threatening tidal surges, floods and winds as Hurricane Ian approaches.
The storm has already thrashed western Cuba and is expected to intensify before it makes landfall in Florida.
The Tampa Bay region, which is home to more than three million people, is among the most vulnerable places in the US for severe flooding.
The region could see its first direct hit by a major hurricane since 1921.
“It’s been around 100 years since Tampa had a direct hit. They’ve just been lucky for a long time,” said Erik Salna, associate director of the International Hurricane Research Center.
Low elevation, rising sea levels, and a large population increase the risk of a catastrophic tidal surge. The Tampa area has all three, according to Mr Salna.
If hit directly, the region could be “unrecognisable” in the next couple of days, he said. “The potential is there.”
Hurricane Ian – currently a category three storm, packing winds up to 195km/h (120mph) – is forecast to gain strength as it moves northbound into Florida, passing over the Gulf of Mexico’s warm water on the way.
Tornados have been seen in southern Florida, the National Weather Service said, as Ian approaches the coast. Winds could reach up to 140mph before it makes landfall.
The National Hurricane Center said that tropical-storm force winds were reaching the coasts of south east and south west Florida as of 03:00 local time (07:00 GMT) .
In a tweet, the center said a weather flow station on the eastern coast had recently measured a sustained wind of 63 km/h (39 mph), while a station on the western coast recorded a sustained wind of 56 km/h (35 mph).
Ian is likely to lose speed as it nears Florida, effectively prolonging the storm’s effects and threatening up to 20in (1.6ft) of rain in some areas.
And if it does hit Tampa, it will strike one of the state’s most densely populated areas.
Over the last 50 years, development has surged along the Tampa region’s nearly 700 miles (1,1200km) of shoreline, with people and buildings scattered along the mostly low-lying beach.
“We’ve moved toward the coast, we’ve moved toward the water. This is, in its own way, a human nature trainwreck,” said Richard Olson, director of the extreme events institute at Florida International University (FIU).
Mr Olson said his “constant worry” as Hurricane Ian neared the coast was “under-evacuation”. More than 2.5 million Florida residents in a number of coastal towns and cities have begun to evacuate, with police going door-to-door in some areas and pleading with people to leave. Tampa Bay Mayor Jane Castor said on Tuesday that the city would also be implementing a curfew for remaining residents.
“This is not a drill,” Mayor Castor told residents. “I don’t know that it can get much worse, but I’m sure that there’s a scenario that it can.”
Florida’s Governor Ron DeSantis issued his own warning on Tuesday, telling those in an evacuation zone, “your time is coming to an end”, adding if people had still not made a decision then “now’s the time to act”.
The National Hurricane Center said there was a 100% chance of damaging winds and water along Florida’s west coast, issuing a hurricane warning 175 miles wide, from Bonita Beach in the south to Anclote River, north of Tampa.
Residents have been buying water bottles in bulk, boarding up windows and moving garden furniture inside. Schools and universities have also cancelled classes for the week.
Theme parks such as Disney World, Sea World and Busch Gardens in Tampa are closing as the storm bears down, while Nasa has postponed the launch of a moon rocket at Kennedy Space Center.
On one flight to Tampa on Tuesday, returning residents discussed the approaching storm. “Oh, you’re right in the centre of it,” one man remarked to a couple living just south of Tampa.
As flights landed, mobile phone alerts blared notifying residents of mandatory evacuation orders across the region.
In the airport, one man said he had not faced the prospect of a hurricane like this in his 43 years of living in the area. “It’s the calm before the storm,” he said.
The hope for Tampa residents is that the storm moves slightly south, making landfall in the less-populous Fort Myers region.
“I toyed with the idea of writing a disaster movie – a storm goes across Cuba, becomes intense, goes up the west coast of Florida – you know how those movies go,” said Hugh Willoughby, a meteorology professor at FIU.
Instead, he told the BBC that Florida’s Gulf Coast may suffer a real-world disaster. “It’s probably not going to be the worst case scenario, but it’s potentially a really bad situation.”
